Think of Mizoram and what spontaneously comes to mind are extremely beautiful images of hills and peaks, dense bamboo groves, picturesque landscapes, fast-flowing rivers, cascading waterfalls, and a rich variety of flora and fauna that make the land an amazing masterpiece of nature. Mizoram, one of the seven states of the north-eastern region, is also blessed with different cultures, creeds, cuisine, dances and festivals making it one of the favourite tourist spots in India.

Also called the Land of Blue Mountains, Mizoram, situated at a height of 1132 metres above the sea level, with its capital Aizawl, derives its name from “Mizo”, the native inhabitants and “Ram” meaning ‘land’, literally making it the “the land of Mizos”. According to the India Happiness Report 2020, Mizoram is the happiest state in the country which reflects a strong configuration of socio-familial bonding, good physical and mental well-being, easy-going lifestyle and stoic attitude of the people.

Geographic and economic features

Mizoram shares its borders with the states of Tripura, Assam and Manipur in addition to a 722 km border with Bangladesh and Myanmar. It was once a part of Assam and was carved out as a Union Territory in 1972. With the passage of the 53rd Amendment of the Indian Constitution, 1986, Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987.

Covering an area of approximately 21,087 sq kms, Mizoram is the fifth least populous state in the country. With a population of 1091,015, around 87 per cent of the land is forested. Rice is the largest crop grown and varied fruits become the second-largest products of the state. Gradually, people have adopted horticulture, floriculture, sericulture, fishery, and bamboo products for their livelihood.

Demographic and ethnic cultures

If the records of Mizo Chanchin, the first-ever published historical account of the Mizos by Rev. Liangkhaia, a Mizo historian, are to be believed, the Mizos migrated from China to erstwhile Burma around 750 A.D. From there they moved to the present state of Mizoram in the first half of the 16th century.

It is generally accepted that Mizos are a part of a great Mongoloid wave of migration from China and later moved out to India to their present habitat. They first settled in the Shan State and moved on to Kabaw Valley to Khampat and then to the Chin Hills in the middle of the 16th century.

The earliest Mizos who migrated to India were Kukiis. The Lushais were the last of the Mizo tribes who reached India. The Mizo hills were officially declared as part of British-India by a proclamation in 1895. The north and south hills were merged together to form the Lushai Hills district in 1898 with Aizawl as its headquarters.

These clans speak a number of dialects, inter alia, Mizo tawng (the official language of Mizoram), the Hmar, the Paite, the Lai, and the Pang are prominent. The State has the highest concentration of tribals in the country. Around 87 per cent of them follow Christianity mostly adhering to Presbyterian and Baptist denominations.

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Speak of the word ‘dictionary’ and what comes to our minds first is the image of a voluminous book consisting of thousands of pages with lakhs of informative entries on a wide range of facts and figures that so closely relate to the various domains of homo sapiens. Usually we use dictionaries to look up the meanings, spellings and various features of unfamiliar words. But the usefulness of a dictionary goes far beyond all this.

In fact, using a dictionary effectively is an art, the mastery of which calls for painstaking effort, hard labour and an undying yearning. A dictionary is an ocean of information relating to words. Generally, we use it for learning only the meanings of words. So the gold mine of information, facts and figures, grammar, etc., on learning the language remains unexplored.

Here are some ways to master the art of using the dictionary:

Choosing a standard dictionary is the most important task. As per the latest trends, the dictionaries of Longman, Webster, Oxford and Collins CoBuild are considered to be of standard quality and practical usage.

For the effective and best use of a dictionary, it is very important to read its introduction. This provides us with vital information about how the words in the dictionary have been arranged.

Dictionaries use a particular set of abbreviations. Before using them, it is very important to get acquainted with those acronyms.

We also need to know the various symbols’ pronunciation. These symbols guide us about how to correctly pronounce a particular word.

After finding a particular word in the dictionary, we must take time to learn the following aspects of it:

(a) The most common meaning of the word.
(b) The correct pronunciation of the word.
(c) The type of the part of speech of the word.
(d) The synonyms of the word.
(e) The antonyms of the word.
(f) The origin of the word.
(g) The phrasal verbs and idioms associated with the word.
(h) The foreign word for that particular word.
(i) The usage of the word in various sentences.

Apart from the above information about words, a dictionary is also a unique conglomeration of a diverse nature of facts and figures relating to the history, economy, geography, currencies, cities, capitals, national flags, personalities, events and so other important things about countries across the world.

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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), USA, is the most renowned and largest space agency in the world. It has more than 200 space missions which undertake space exploration activities to make the lives of the people better, easier and most advanced. It is believed that NASA came into being to compete with the launching of Sputnik, the first artificial satellite, launched by the then Soviet Union.

Working under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government of the United States of America, NASA is an independent space agency which was established on 29 July 1958. It then replaced the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which was established in 1915. With its headquarters at Washington DC, NASA was set up by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of the U.S. and started functioning on 1 October 1958.

With more than 19,000 staff members working in a variety of jobs, the Administrator of NASA is nominated by the U.S. President with the approval of the Senate. The biggest space agency in the world also holds the historic credit of having the world’s largest annual budget of around 17 billion USD for space exploration, space mission and robotic research activities which do not find any parallel across the world.
There is no denying the fact that working with NASA as a scientist has been the sweetest and most cherished dream of students across the world. In fact, it is the “Mecca” for students who pursue the streams of science and engineering so seriously with the purpose of starting their careers in the form of an astronaut, scientist or working as members of the specific mission crew. But the journey to reach NASA to make one’s career as a scientist or an astronaut is not an easy and tailor-made task. The dream path to NASA is stacked against an array of challenges and hardships which calls for a meticulously-planned career roadmap with hard labour, unflinching determination and indomitable courage. It also requires a candidate to be accustomed to an adventurous lifestyle right from school days.

NASA employees are world-class medical doctors, engineers, scientists, astronauts, computer science professionals, research professionals and various other officials who directly or indirectly contribute to the accomplishment of various missions. But there is no denying the fact that astronauts make the best and most respected of the employees working in NASA.

NASA has the following most important divisions for the various missions undertaken by it:

• The Kennedy Space Centre in Cape Canaveral, Florida, where space shuttles are prepared and launched.
• The Johnson Space Centre in Houston, Texas. This base is responsible for shuttle mission control. The International Space Station Operation is also conducted from here.
• The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, whose primary function is to design and operate planetary robotic spacecraft.

In addition to undertaking various aeronautics and aerospace research works, the agency is also responsible for the civilian space programme with its motto “For the Benefit of All”. Historic missions like the Apollo Moon Landing, the Skylab Space Station and the International Space Station have been carried out by NASA since its inception and its sole purpose has always been to make breakthroughs in the direction of making the human lives more comfortable, sophisticated and modern.

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Let me ask you a very easy question — what is the one wish that is uppermost in the minds of all the students in the world? The answer is simple: they all so earnestly dream of achieving a high percentage of marks and excellent grades in the examinations.

But sometimes, things do not happen the way we desire and this turns out to be the reason for disappointment for many. So, here comes another question of serious self-introspection: does only high echelons of marks and grades make a sure-shot formula of professional and personal successes in life? Do good marks alone make or mar one’s life?

World history is replete with great personalities who rose to the pinnacle of success without having any outstanding academic excellence and even formal education. They were self-made people who brought about incredible changes in the lives of the common people. They braved challenges, fought hardships and struggled against a host of adversities with indomitable courage and resolute determination.

These great personalities are like milestones that will keep on motivating future generations to realize their cherished dreams despite challenges and critical circumstances they will face.

Mark Twain

America’s most famous writer and humorist, Mark Twain, is immensely popular for his beautiful classic novels. He started his life’s journey with the ordinary job of a printer. He had only minimum formal education in his early life. He used to spend his entire evening reading books in a library after the day’s work. He had a very short stint in the Confederate Army after which he travelled across the country. During this period, he started writing what proved to be the beginning of the historical odyssey of an internationally famous writer. His life is an epitome of the plain truth that formal education and high percentage of marks are not all that is required for a promising career.

Steve Jobs

Do you know that he did not even complete college education? But he was blessed with a superb and exceptionally sharp technical mind. He had only six months of college education but this did not prove to be a stumbling block in the introduction of sophisticated devices like the iPod, iPhone and iPad. It was the result of his unfathomable will-power to rise to the apex of success in spite of insurmountable problems.

Henry Ford

He was not only a noted U.S. industrialist and entrepreneur of his time but also an extraordinary visionary who single-handedly created the automobile industry of the United States. He too did not have a high formal education. He left home at the age of seventeen and worked as an apprentice in Detroit. Very few people then might have imagined that Henry Ford’s job of an apprentice carried the seed of the dawn of an industrialist and entrepreneur of global fame and fortune. Lack of formal education never came in his way to the journey of making Detroit (USA), the Motor City.

Winston Churchill

He is considered as one of the greatest political figures of the twentieth century in the United Kingdom. He is also called the “quote machine”. He was born in an affluent family where he was provided with all the facilities for a formal education. But he was very poor in studies, and had no interest in formal education. He used to be punished for his dismal record in school. He suffered in the military services, too, due to a poor academic performance.

Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Known as the Missile Man, the former President of India, Dr Kalam spent his childhood in abject poverty. He used to sell newspapers in his hometown, Rameshwaram, to supplement the expenses of his education. Specialized in aeronautical engineering, he wanted to be a fighter pilot which was his ‘dearest dream’. But he could not realize it as he came in at the ninth position in the qualifying test while only eight slots were available in the Indian Air Force.

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States is the most unique example of a person who bravely suffered an array of predicaments and tragedies in his life before getting elected to the helm of affairs of the most developed nation of the world. His life is the story of a self-made and self-educated person.
An anecdote goes that he got a job at a junk shop where a lawyer sold a few old books of law. He went through those books and as a result he turned out to be one of the reputed lawyers of his time. He rose to become the U.S. President and the credit for this achievement goes to his forbearance and self-taught lessons he learnt from his life beset with difficulties and misfortunes. Marks and percentages never prevented him from reaching the highest office of his country.

Albert Einstein

The great scientist, Nobel Laureate and internationally-known physicist, Albert Einstein, was truly a genius with more than 300 scientific papers attributed to his name. He propounded the ‘Theory of Relativity’ which made him one of the legendary figures in the realm of Physics. Can you believe that a man of such spectacular achievements was a school dropout? Yes, he was! He wanted to go for a university education but failed in the entrance examination. Finally, he joined college and got a degree but the fact that the greatest intellectual super-mind of the 20th century was a high school dropout is too hard to digest.

Thomas Alva Edison

The great U.S. inventor and thinker of the 20th century, has to his credit many inventions that earned him unprecedented popularity. Yet he had only three months’ formal schooling. He was sent back home by his class teacher with a written note saying that he was not fit for formal education. But his brave mother took a vow to teach him at home, and she patiently taught Edison, who also had a hearing problem, everything that he needed to know at that age. The rest is history. Edison rose to become the greatest scientist of his time. His quotation about a series of failures in life has become the source of inspiration for millions of people who fail in their endeavours despite their best efforts: “I have not failed. I have just found 10,000 ways that won’t work.”

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There is no denying the fact that everyone in the world so intensely desires to be successful and renowned — a pretty human and natural trait. However, success does not come that easy. It is like a mirage in human life — one of the most elusive phenomenon that has proved to be an arcane issue since the dawn of civilization.

If success is so enviable and much-sought-after ambition of everyone, an important question arises here: what is the secret of success? Or what are the ways by which one can realize the choicest dreams of one’s life?

Success depends, more than anything else, on courage and self-confidence — the qualities that are already inherent in everyone. Courage here connotes our mental strength and insight to look beyond our resources and potential. Social scientists, along with psychoanalysts, believe that low goals in life means low achievement, low goals means low success. No goals means no success in one’s life.

What makes us set low goals in our life? The answer is surprisingly simple. We set low goals in life when we assess ourselves low, or have a very low opinion of ourselves and, most importantly, when we underestimate ourselves. This is the biggest obstacle which hamstrings us and we end up demeaning ourselves, demoralizing ourselves, demotivating ourselves and ultimately ending in status quo.

Success depends mostly on how people assess and think about themselves. Doubting and underestimating one’s potential and surrendering oneself to early defeats and failures are reckoned as the Achilles heel of successes and achievements in life. They mar our prospects and spoil the golden chances of becoming successful. They also compel us not to try for what we really wish to become in life. Overcome these self-doubts and self-defeating attitudes and you will see success waiting to embrace you.

The famous American motivational author and thinker, Norman Vincent Peale, said, “Shoot for the moon. Even if you miss it, you will land among the stars.” Big dreams mean great destination and great designation. Higher goals mean higher name and fame. Unfortunately many suffer from the fear of dreaming big! Thinking small is really a big hindrance to achieving greatness in life. Thinking big sets up a big momentum for embarking upon a journey to the pinnacle of success.

We need also to look at our lifestyles and religiously follow the success sagas of great people who struggled hard to ultimately achieve the great dreams in their lives. We need to read about the struggles of successful people who had to brave a string of challenges and adverse circumstances in scaling the heights of achievements which seemed virtually impossible.

Have you ever thought of how scientists succeeded in reaching the moon? How did Edmund Hilary and Tenzing Norgay succeed to scale the once insurmountable Mount Everest? How did the Chinese succeed in building the Great Wall of China — one of the great wonders of the world? How did Sunita Williams and Kalpana Chawla succeed in going to space? What was common to these exceptionally courageous and innovative men and women of the world?

The simple answer is: their power of visualization. The answer lies also in their indefatigable will-power and courage in dreaming bigger and bigger with indomitable faith, without giving in to discouragement, frustration, and initial failures. So, it is clear — power of visualization, earnest desire to achieve greater laurels and the never-say-die attitude to life will bring us to the apex of success.

Visualization is the process of seeing one’s dreams take shape through one’s subtle mental eyes. It is all about imagining what you really want to die for. It is all about the process of sowing in our minds the seeds of what we hanker after in our life. Most importantly, it is all about sheer imagination of living the sort of lives we yearn for, coupled with the desire of copying the lifestyles and learning the principles and ideologies of successful people. Hence, if you want to shine like a star and want to achieve the glories successful people across the globe have been blessed with, what is most essential is to dream and live the dream that is far bigger than what rest of the people nourish in their hearts.

The Chinese philosopher Confucius once said, “Our greatest glory is not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” What it implies is the fact that failures are an integral part of our success. In fact, success is the outcome of a series of lessons learnt from an array of failures in the life.

Thomas Alva Edison had this to say in this regard, “Many of life’s great failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.” No doubt, failures give us heartbreaking and disappointing feelings but this is a very essential stage without undergoing which there is very little chance of success in our lives.

Success calls for courage and determination to keep on moving ahead even if we go on failing time and again in our efforts to succeed. The path to success is not paved with roses. Those who are ambitious to achieve the much-dreamed of success in life, must first learn the art of braving the hardships and challenges on their way; only when we overcome them, can we see clearly the beautiful bouquet of flowers of successes and laurels, awaiting us.

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Cricket in India, with a population of around 1.35 billion, is tantamount to a religion. It is unresistingly an intoxicating and enthralling sport. Its charm is overwhelmingly bewitching, the craze of which transcends people of almost all age groups in our country.

But the stories of passion and love for cricket and its millions of aficionados do not cease here. A majority of the adolescents who play and watch the 11-member team on the 22-yard pitch bat, bowl and field so intensely, dream to play for the country. They also yearn ardently to earn the name, fame and fortune like their favourite players by making their career as brilliant cricketers of the country.

But the entry into the domain of cricket as a career is not an easy task. Nor is it a tailor-made profession. Unlike other professions and career choices, a career in cricket is a Herculean task which is stacked against fierce struggle, consistent challenges, failures, desperation, rejections and criticisms.

However, with the opening of more editions of cricket over the past few decades and the increase in the number of matches being played among the cricket-playing nations, the possibility of getting an opportunity to be selected for the national team and chances of starting career as a cricketer have become brighter and stronger.

What qualities do you need to become a cricketer?

In the present milieu of the cut-throat competition, cricket as a career and success as a cricket player is fraught with an array of challenges and hardships. To start, survive and succeed in this war-like situation, prospective cricket players must have the following professional inherent qualities:

• They must be very good sportsmen and natural athletes.
• Adaptability to accept international cricket’s odd circumstances like those of culture, cuisine, creed, language, weather and non-friendly audiences of foreign countries.
• Players are expected to bowl, bat and field for hours for the perfection of which they need to have very good physical fitness and mental stoicism.
• Aspiring players must be excellent in these eight segments of cricket — athleticism, fitness, skill to brave the tense circumstances, fielding, running between the wickets, bowling in the danger zone, dealing with balls accurately to duck being out and, most importantly, perspicacity of taking on-the-spot-decision.
• Must possess talent in one or all the three aspects of cricket: bowling, batting and fielding.
• Must have the willingness and interest to travel across the nations of the world for playing tournaments and series of the matches.
• Must be flexible and stoic to live apart from family and friends for a very long time.

Get the basics right!

All the important international cricket formats are grouped into the following three categories:

1. International Test Matches
2. One Day International Matches
3. T20 International Matches

Domestic cricket consists of the following formats:

1. First Class
2. List A
3. T20 Matches

A majority of prospective cricket players prepare and try to specialize in a particular format or sometimes two of them. Those who want to play only T20 matches restrict themselves to T20 cricket and join a particular T20 Premier League. However, it is another thing that these players are also chosen for playing T20 International cricket matches for India.

As far as the selection of players for the different formats of the cricket is concerned, it is the governing body of the cricket of that country which makes selection of the players. For example, BCCI (The Board of Control of Cricket in India) is the governing body and the richest cricket body of the world which functions along the line of a corporate organization.

All the players of the team, coaches, physiotherapists and other crew members are chosen by the BCCI for which the players need to sign a contract for a certain period, usually for a year. The BCCI also performs the task of arranging matches with the nine major cricket-playing nations, ie, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, South Africa, England, Australia, Zimbabwe and West Indies. The players are richly paid by the BCCI, the figures of which are not less than the earnings of a very high-profile entrepreneur of a corporate sector or a Bollywood celebrity.

Where and how to start?

An aspirant has two choices; the first choice starts right from school from where one can launch into the world of cricket. School cricket matches may prove to be the golden passport to participate in inter-school matches which pave the path for matches and tournaments played at the inter-college and university level.

Yet another very popular choice to enter the professional cricket world requires hard labour — ‘Open Cricket’ is a comparatively harder way to start the career as a cricketer. These matches are conducted by various cricket associations which have no connection to school, college and university level matches.

Across the country, each district has a District Association. All these District Associations further constitute the State Association. The District Association functions as a selection committee for promising cricketers for the matches at the district level. On the basis of the personal performances, players are chosen and the team is formed by the District Association.

The selection process

The performance of aspiring players at the district level creates the opportunity for them to play for their states. On the basis of the performance of the players at the state level, the national level selection committee makes the selection of the players for the national level team.

The Ranji Trophy is considered another golden passport for the selection of players for the national cricket team. It is also the most crucial stage which facilitates the entry of a prospective player into the cricket team of the country.

The Ranji Trophy, named after Ranjit Singh Ji, the first Indian cricket player who played for England and Sussex, is the first class domestic cricket championship of India. It is also popularly called as ‘Ranji’. It was earlier known as ‘Cricket Championship of India’. The Ranji Trophy consists of the teams representing the various states of the country. So every state has its own representation in the Ranji Trophy team. The Ranji Trophy holds the competition among 29 states.

As per the latest data, the total number of teams in this trophy is 37 with the latest addition of the north-eastern states. The players for the Ranji Trophy team are selected from among the top-performing players of the 29 states and 6 Union Territories of India. Players from various cricket associations and cricket clubs also get the opportunity to play for the prestigious Trophy.

For selection to the Ranji Trophy team, an aspiring player needs to go through the following processes:

First, start playing cricket right from childhood when you are usually in elementary school. It would be better to get yourself enrolled in a cricket team at local level or a local club. Ensure participation in as many cricket matches as possible. Your excellent performance in school and various other tournaments and matches would enable you to get selected for the district level tournament. Thereafter, players are selected for the divisional level which consists of many districts taken together.

On the basis of the performance of the players at the Inter-divisional tournaments, the players are selected for the camps. These camps serve as the rigorous training centres under the professional guidance of renowned coaches. During their stay at camps, these trainee players also play various tournaments which are reckoned as the entrance test for the Ranji Trophy.

The IPL cricket matches have proved to be a very good platform the teams of which are drawn from the Ranji Trophy teams. The IPL and T20 limited edition matches were introduced by the BCCI in 2007-2008 for which the players are selected via auction. They play for the teams owned by franchisees.

The BCCI has divided all the players into four categories of A+, A, B and C from the salary structure point of view the parameters of which make the stint of experience and last year’s performance in the matches played by an individual player. The ranking of the players lasts for one year and if any debutant joins in between the year he is given the slot in the grade C.

How much can you earn as a professional cricketer?

Retainer fee: This fee is paid as per the central contract and category to which the player belongs. Players in Grades A+ are paid 7 crore annually. As per the latest contract which came into effect from October 2019 and which will last till September 2020, Virat Kohli, Rohit Sharma and Jasprit Bumrah have been included in the category of A+. Grade A players get 5 crore, Grade B players receive 3 crore while Grade C players are entitled to get 1 crore per annum.

Match fee: A match fee is paid for playing international matches. It is the same across all four categories of the central contract. For an appearance in every Test match, 15,00,000 is paid. For an appearance in a One Day International match, it is 6,00,000 and for each T20 match, the fee paid is
3,00,000.

Performance bonuses: For every century scored in Test or ODI, 5,00,000 is paid to the players, while for scoring double century in Test or ODI, 7,00,000 is paid. The 5-wicket-feat in Test, ODI or T20 attracts 5,00,000 whereas for a 10-wicket haul and scoring a double-century, the bonus is 7,00,000.

The bonanza does not stop here. In case of a win in a Test match against a team in the ICC Top 3 ranking, a 50 per cent hike is given in the match fee of the players. Winning a Test series against an ICC Top 3 team, 100 per cent or more fee is paid to the players. For a victory in ICC World Cup in both ODI and T20, an increase to the tune of 300 per cent is given in the match fees.

Success as a cricketer calls for absolute dedication and unyielding devotion. Aspiring players must be one hundred per cent dedicated to cricket. They must labour hard and practise vigorously without losing passion, patience and enthusiasm.

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Examination stress is pretty much common among students these days. All students pass through this critical phase which arises out of excessive worries about excelling at and outshining other competitors in the race. The fear of examinations, referred to as ‘examination phobia’, adversely affects performance and abnormally disturbs the psychological balance of an examinee. It is characterized by feelings of utter confusion, worry, frustration, anxiety, depression, frustration and perplexity.

However, psychologists believe that a certain degree of stress is essential for a better performance both in the examination and life, because stress functions as a catalyst. Moreover, a little stress to some extent makes us stay focused on the goal that we want to reach in our lives.

Busting exam stress requires a two-pronged strategy — first, students must plan seriously and meticulously to prepare well for the examinations. Secondly, they need to stay cool, calm and composed when the pressure of doing better than others starts occupying their minds and affecting their routine.

1. Your approach to life and career must be very realistic
Every person on this earth is born with some inherent special talent which the rest do not possess. So it is very essential for students to recognize their knack and know that special talent. Ask yourself — what can you do best? What is your forté which others do not have? Based upon these honest findings and facts, students should set a specific aim in their lives.
There is no gainsaying the fact that setting goals without knowing your strengths and weaknesses would merely place you in jeopardy. Besides, your goal must not be influenced by the unrealistic dreams of your parents and peer pressure. This way you will be able to stave off undue stress in your life.

2. You must have a flawless and practical study plan
Planning is the stepping stone to success. That is why it is said that if you fail to plan you plan to fail! An immaculate study plan is essential for good examination preparation. However, before making the plan one must keep in the mind how many hours you have at your disposal to give to serious study. Planning only for the sake of planning will not help.

3. Do not hide your problems
Under stressful conditions, it is better to talk openly about your problems with someone you trust most and whom you consider as your confidant. Sharing problems reduces tension. The sensitive, empathetic, sympathetic and caring attitude of the parents at this critical time of anxiety may prove to be a much-needed cushion. Teachers too may prove to be saviours. They can help dispel any fear or phobia that might have arisen due to the pressure of imminent examinations.

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